Levels of Processing . Unlike the multi- store model it is a non- structured approach. The basic idea is that memory is really just what happens as a result of processing information. Psychologists Craik and Lockhart propose that memory is just a by- product of the depth of processing of information and there is no clear distinction between short term memory and long term memory. Craik defined depth as . We can process information in 3 ways: Shallow Processing - This takes two forms. Structural processing (appearance) which is when we encode only the physical qualities of something. Phonemic processing – which is when we encode its sound. Shallow processing only involves maintenance rehearsal (repetition to help us hold something in the STM) and leads to fairly short- term retention of information. Semantic processing, which happens when we encode the meaning of a word and relate it to similar words with similar meaning. Deep processing involves elaboration rehearsal which involves a more meaningful analysis (e. Browse and Read System Flow Diagram Student Result Processing System. Title Type data flow diagram for database management system PDF data flow diagram for tuition.For example, giving words a meaning or linking them with previous knowledge. Summary. Levels of processing: The idea that the way information is encoded affects how well it is remembered. Key Study: Craik and Tulving (1. Aim To investigate how deep and shallow processing affects memory recall. Method Participants were presented with a series of 6. For example: Structural / visual processing: . They were asked to pick out the original words. Results Participants recalled more words that were semantically processed compared to phonemically and visually processed words. Conclusion Semantically processed words involve elaboration rehearsal and deep processing which results in more accurate recall. Real Life Applications. This explanation of memory is useful in everyday life because it highlights the way in which elaboration, which requires deeper processing of information, can aid memory. Three examples of this are. Critical Evaluation. Strengths. The theory is an improvement on Atkinson & Shiffrin’s account of transfer from STM to LTM. The levels of processing model changed the direction of memory research. It showed that encoding was not a simple, straightforward process. This widened the focus from seeing long- term memory as a simple storage unit to seeing it as a complex processing system. Craik and Lockhart's ideas led to hundreds of experiments, most of which confirmed the superiority of 'deep' semantic processing for remembering information. It explains why we remember some things much better and for much longer than others. This explanation of memory is useful in everyday life because it highlights the way in which elaboration, which requires deeper processing of information, can aid memory. The levels of processing model of memory (Craik and Lockhart, 1972) was put forward partly as a result of the criticism leveled at the multi-store model. Weaknesses. Despite these strengths, there are a number of criticisms of the levels of processing theory. Therefore, it cannot be objectively measured. Eysenck (1. 99. 0) claims that the levels of processing theory describes rather than explains. Craik and Lockhart (1. However, they failed to provide a detailed account of why deep processing is so effective. However, recent studies have clarified this point - it appears that deeper coding produces better retention because it is more elaborate. Elaborative encoding enriches the memory representation of an item by activating many aspects of its meaning and linking it into the pre- existing network of semantic associations. PROCESSING THE RADIOGRAPH. Rapid processing solutions are used for emergencies and endo where time is of the essence. Student Result Processing And Grading System.pdf To download full version 'Student Result Processing And Grading System.pdf' copy this link into your browser. Business Process Flow Chart of Result Processing System (RPS) Marks of Student Per subject Iterative Grade Boundaries Calculation Approval of Grade. Later research indicated that processing is more complex and varied than the levels of processing theory suggests. In other words, there is more to processing than depth and elaboration. For example, research by Bransford et al. It appears that it is the distinctiveness of the first sentence which makes it easier to remember - it's unusual to compare a doctor to a mosquito. As a result, the sentence stands out and is more easily recalled. Another problem is that participants typically spend a longer time processing the deeper or more difficult tasks. So, it could be that the results are partly due to more time being spent on the material. The type of processing, the amount of effort & the length of time spent on processing tend to be confounded. Deeper processing goes with more effort and more time, so it is difficult to know which factor influences the results. The ideas of 'depth' and 'elaboration' are vague and ill defined (Eysenck, 1. Indeed, there is no independent way of measuring the depth of processing. There is evidence to support the idea of memory structures such as STM and LTM as the Multi- Store Model proposed (e. H. M., serial position effect etc.). Therefore, memory is more complex than described by the LOP theory. References. Bransford, J. J., Morris, C. D., & Stein, B. S.(1. 97. 9). Some general constraints on learning and memory research. Craik(Eds.), Levels of processing in human memory (pp. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Inc. Craik, F. M., & Lockhart, R. Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal behavior, 1. Craik, F. I. M., & Tulving, E. Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1. Eysenck, M. Cognitive psychology: a student's handbook, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd., Hove, UK. How to cite this article: Mc. Leod, S. Retrieved from www. Further Information. Levels of processing: Past, present .
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